The reason is because Chocolate contains a substance known as Theobromine. Dogs can not metabolize it as fast as we can, so they end up getting sick and risking death if they consume enough. Theobromine will affect the heart, central nervous system, and kidneys. Early signs include vomiting or diarrhea, which is normal for any animal to do after eating something that they shouldn't, and it is necessary to rid the body of the toxins.
The next signs would include restlessness, increased urination, and muscle tremors, which would be a sign to induce vomiting if the dog hasn't or isn't already vomiting, but contact Poison Control or your vet to get guidance on how to induce vomiting without possibly making your dog even more ill. More advanced signs of the Theobromine poisoning the animal, would be Cardiac Arrhythmia's and Seizures. However, if your dog gets to being restless or urinating more often, I would take him in to the vet, since the last thing that would happen, if enough chocolate was consumed, would be the dog dying.
However, everything depends upon how much your dog weighs, how much chocolate he ate, and most importantly, what kind of chocolate it was. While White Chocolate has the very least amount of Theobromine, Baker's chocolate contains the highest amount. Basically, the darker the chocolate, the less your dog needs to eat to be poisoned. That is why it is safe to keep ALL poisonous foods completely out of reach at all times.
Chemistry Behind Theobromine -
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstruc…
Other Toxic Human Foods -
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?…
Interactive "Chocolate Chart" -
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/1…